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Spring Boot 测试切片参考

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Spring Boot 测试切片参考

测试切片对比

切片类型注解加载范围适用场景速度
Service 测试@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class) + @Mock/@InjectMocks仅 Mockito + JUnitService 层业务逻辑⚡ 极快
MVC 测试@WebMvcTestWeb 层 + MVC 基础设施Controller 端点测试🚀 快
Security 测试@WebMvcTest + @WithMockUserWeb 层 + Security 配置认证/授权测试🚀 快
JSON 测试@JsonTestJackson/Gson 组件序列化/反序列化🚀 快
Repository 测试@DataJpaTest / @JooqTestJPA/JOOQ + 数据源数据访问层🐢 中
E2E 测试@SpringBootTest完整应用上下文端到端接口验证🐌 慢

各层测试要点

Service 测试

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class SignInServiceTest {
    @Mock
    private UserRepository userRepository;
    
    @InjectMocks
    private SignInService signInService;
    
    @Test
    void signIn_givenValidInfo_willReturnUserId() {
        // Arrange
        var dto = new SignInDto("user", "pass");
        when(userRepository.findByUsername("user"))
            .thenReturn(new User(1L, "user", "encodedPass"));
        
        // Action
        var result = signInService.signIn(dto);
        
        // Assert
        assertEquals(1L, result);
    }
}

MVC 测试

@WebMvcTest(controllers = SignInController.class)
@Import(SecurityConfig.class)
class SignInControllerTest {
    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;
    
    @MockBean
    private SignInService signInService;
    
    @Test
    @WithMockUser
    void signIn_givenValidPayload_willReturn200() throws Exception {
        var payload = """
            {"username": "user", "password": "pass"}
            """;
        
        when(signInService.signIn(any()))
            .thenReturn(1L);
        
        mockMvc.perform(post("/auth/signIn")
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                .content(payload))
            .andExpect(status().isOk());
    }
}

Repository 测试

@DataJpaTest
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = Replace.NONE)
class UserRepositoryTest {
    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;
    
    @Test
    void findByUsername_whenUserExists_willReturnUser() {
        var user = new User("test", "encodedPass");
        userRepository.save(user);
        
        var found = userRepository.findByUsername("test");
        
        assertTrue(found.isPresent());
        assertEquals("test", found.get().getUsername());
    }
}

E2E 测试

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
class E2ETest {
    @Autowired
    private WebTestClient webTestClient;
    
    @AfterEach
    void cleanup() {
        // 清理测试数据
    }
    
    @Test
    void signUp_and_signIn_shouldWork() {
        // 注册
        webTestClient.post().uri("/auth/signUp")
            .bodyValue(Map.of("username", "test", "password", "pass"))
            .exchange()
            .expectStatus().isCreated();
        
        // 登录
        webTestClient.post().uri("/auth/signIn")
            .bodyValue(Map.of("username", "test", "password", "pass"))
            .exchange()
            .expectStatus().isOk();
    }
}

分层测试范围示意图

graph TD
    subgraph ”完整项目”
        Controller
        Service
        Repository
        DB[(”Database”)]
        Web[Web 容器]
    end
    
    subgraph ”MVC Test”
        MVC_CTRL[Controller]
        MVC_SVC_MOCK[”Service (Mock)”]
    end
    
    subgraph ”Service Test”
        SVC_SERVICE[Service]
        SVC_REPO_MOCK[”Repository (Mock)”]
    end
    
    subgraph ”Repository Test”
        REPO_REPO[Repository]
        REPO_DB[(”Test DB / TC”)]
    end
    
    MVC_CTRL --> MVC_SVC_MOCK
    SVC_SERVICE --> SVC_REPO_MOCK
    REPO_REPO --> REPO_DB

选择指南

  1. 测业务逻辑 → Service Test (最快，最纯粹)
  2. 测 Web 端点 → MVC Test (验证 HTTP 映射、参数、状态码)
  3. 测安全配置 → MVC Test + @WithMockUser
  4. 测 JSON 序列化 → @JsonTest
  5. 测数据访问 → Repository Test (使用 TestContainers)
  6. 测完整流程 → E2E Test (最少使用，但关键路径必测)

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