第23课：九大基本写作错误及修复方法
Learning Objectives
- 识别并修复九种最常见的写作错误（Basic Writing Errors, BWEs）
- 理解每种错误背后的语法逻辑
- 掌握自我诊断（self-diagnosis）的策略，减少对他人反馈的依赖
概述
分析性写作的质量不仅取决于思想的深度，还取决于技术的精度。九大基本写作错误（Basic Writing Errors, BWEs）是破坏读者信任的最常见技术性问题。
TIP
本课是 nine-bwe 的深度讲解版。先快速浏览参考页获得概览，再通过本课的详细分析深入理解每种错误的逻辑和修复策略。
一览表
| # | 错误 | 核心问题 | 修复关键词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fragment（句子碎片） | 不完整句子 | 加主语或动词，或连接主句 |
| 2 | Fused Sentence（融合句） | 无标点连接两个句子 | 句号 or 分号 or 连词+逗号 |
| 3 | Comma Splice（逗号拼接） | 逗号连接两个独立句 | 分号 / 句号 / 加连词 |
| 4 | Lack of S-V Agreement（主谓不一致） | 主语和动词的数不匹配 | 找到真正主语，匹配动词 |
| 5 | Shift in Person/Number（人称/数不一致） | 句子中切换人称 | 保持一致性 |
| 6 | Dangling Modifier（悬垂修饰语） | 修饰语无明确被修饰对象 | 使主语紧跟在修饰语后 |
| 7 | Lack of Parallelism（平行缺失） | 并列结构形式不统一 | 统一为相同语法形式 |
| 8 | Faulty Pronoun Reference（代词指代不清） | 代词指代不明确 | 写出具体名词 |
| 9 | Wrong Word（用词错误） | 形近或义近词误用 | 查阅词典 |
详细讲解
1. Fragment（句子碎片）
一个完整的句子必须有主语（subject）和动词（verb），并表达一个完整的思想。缺其中任何一个就是 fragment。
错误示例
“Because the experiment was not completed on time.” 这是一个从句（dependent clause）——它有一个主语（the experiment）和一个动词（was not completed），但 because 让它不完整。读者会问：然后呢？
修复
“The researchers could not draw conclusions because the experiment was not completed on time.” 加上一个主句（independent clause），从句变成修饰成分。
常见 Fragment 类型：
- 从句式碎片：Although the results were promising.
- 分词式碎片：Running through the data for hours.
- 列举式碎片：Such as poverty, inequality, and lack of education.
2. Fused Sentence（融合句）
两个独立句之间没有任何标点或连词。
错误示例
“The results were inconclusive we need to run more tests.”
修复方法（三种）
- 句号：*The results were inconclusive. We need to run more tests. *
- 分号：*The results were inconclusive ; we need to run more tests. *
- 连词+逗号：*The results were inconclusive , so we need to run more tests. *
3. Comma Splice（逗号拼接）
与 fused sentence 类似，但用了逗号——逗号本身不足以连接两个独立句。
错误示例
“The theory is compelling, it explains many phenomena.”
修复
- 分号：*The theory is compelling ; it explains many phenomena. *
- 句号：*The theory is compelling. It explains many phenomena. *
- 加连词：The theory is compelling because it explains many phenomena.
4. Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement（主谓不一致）
主语和动词在数（单数/复数）上必须一致。
错误示例
“The group of students are meeting.” 真正的主语是 group（单数），不是 students（复数）。
修复
“The group of students is meeting.”
陷阱情况：
- 介词短语插入：The box of chocolates is（不是 are）
- 以 either/or, neither/nor 连接：动词与最近的主语一致
5. Shift in Person or Number（人称/数不一致）
在同一句子或段落中不必要地切换人称。
错误示例
“If one wants to succeed, you must work hard.” 从 one（第三人称）跳到 you（第二人称）。
修复
“If you want to succeed, you must work hard.” 或保持第三人称：If one wants to succeed, one must work hard.
6. Dangling or Misplaced Modifier（悬垂/错位修饰语）
修饰语（modifier）必须紧跟在它修饰的对象旁边。如果被修饰对象缺失或放错位置，就产生 dangling modifier。
错误示例
“Having finished the experiment, the results were analyzed.” 谁完成了实验？不是”results”——results 不会做实验。
修复
“Having finished the experiment, the team analyzed the results.” 现在修饰语 having finished 正确地指向 the team。
7. Lack of Parallelism（缺乏平行结构）
当句子包含并列列表时，所有项应使用相同的语法结构。
错误示例
“The study was comprehensive, rigorous, and it used a large sample. ”
修复
“The study was comprehensive, rigorous, and well-sampled. ” 三个形容词并列：comprehensive, rigorous, well-sampled。
平行结构的力量
平行结构不仅避免错误，还是一种修辞手法——它创造节奏和强调。著名的例子：“We came, we saw, we conquered.”
8. Faulty Pronoun Reference（代词指代不清）
代词（it, this, they, his, her）必须明确指向一个先行词（antecedent）。
错误示例
“The professor told the student that his paper was late.” his 指谁？教授的纸还是学生的纸？不明确。
修复
“The professor told the student that the student’s paper was late.” 或者：“The professor said to the student, ‘Your paper is late.‘”
特别警惕 this 的模糊使用：
模糊：The economy slowed down. This caused concern.（This 指什么？） 清晰：The economy slowed down. This slowdown caused concern.
9. Wrong Word（用词错误）
使用了与正确词语形近或音近的词语。
常见混淆词
- affect / effect：affect 是动词（影响），effect 通常是名词（效果）
- its / it’s：its 是所有格，it’s = it is
- there / their / they’re
- principle / principal
- complement / compliment
错误示例
“The findings had a deep affect on the field.”
修复
“The findings had a deep effect on the field.”
自我诊断策略
成为自己的编辑
最优秀的写作者也是自己最严格的编辑。以下四个策略可以帮助你在提交前发现并修复大部分 BWE。
-
大声朗读（Read aloud）
- 你的耳朵能听到眼睛看不到的错误。读慢一点，每个词都读出来。
-
逆向检查（Backwards check）
- 从最后一个句子开始，往前逐个检查每个句子。这种方法让你脱离内容的语境，专注于语法结构。
-
逐项扫描（Scan for one error at a time）
- 不试图一次性发现所有错误。跑四遍：第一遍只查 fragment 和 fused sentence，第二遍只查 agreement，第三遍只查 pronoun reference，第四遍只查 comma。
-
建立个人错误清单（Personal error log）
- 统计你被批改过的文章，找出你最常犯的 2-3 种错误。在每次提交前，专门检查这些弱点。
Practice
错误诊断练习
找出以下段落中的 BWE（至少 5 处），并写出修复版本：
“The experiment conducted by the graduate students were successful. Because the conditions were carefully controlled. The results confirms the hypothesis, it also raises new questions. A researcher should always check your data twice before publishing. Having completed the analysis, the report was submitted to the journal.”
参考答案
原文共有 6 处错误：
- S-V Agreement（主谓不一致）：experiment…were → experiment…was
- Fragment（句子碎片）：Because the conditions… → 连接到前一句或改为独立句
- S-V Agreement（主谓不一致）：results confirms → results confirm
- Comma Splice（逗号拼接）：The results confirm the hypothesis, it also raises… → 加分号或句号
- Shift in Person（人称切换）：A researcher…your data → A researcher…their data 或 Researchers…their data
- Dangling Modifier（悬垂修饰语）：Having completed the analysis, the report was submitted → Having completed the analysis, the team submitted the report
修复版本： “The experiment conducted by the graduate students was successful because the conditions were carefully controlled. The results confirm the hypothesis ; they also raise new questions. Researchers should always check their data twice before publishing. Having completed the analysis, the team submitted the report to the journal.”
Next Step
本课是 0022-style 的技术性补充。九大基本写作错误的修复是学术写作的底线——越过这条线，读者才能专注于你说了什么，而不是被怎么说的分心。
现在你已完成了《Writing Analytically》课程的全部 23 课。回到 index 查看完整课程地图。
Writing Analytically — Lesson 23: Nine Basic Writing Errors and How to Fix Them